A union is certainly what is used for your average burst disk which might be a couple of inches diameter.
However when you're talking 2-300 layers of foil and a 10" port there are new issues.
a) will the union fitting actually hold 2-300 layers securely
b) can you actually
GET a 10" union
I'm not sure about (a) but as for (b) I've yet to find a US or UK supplier of pipe and fittings that sells any threaded plastic fitting larger than 4"
This might possibly be due to industry not really wanting to find themselves having to unscrew a hulking great section of 8" pipe that weighs a few hundred kilograms.
It would appear that for non-permanent connections of larger than 4" you have to get:
Two
stub flanges - one for the chamber side and one for the other side
Two
backing rings, one over each stub flanges flange and bolt the lot together with some kind of gasket - or in this case the burst disk - sandwiched between them.
Still, that's only up to 8" on the sites I've found and it's a UK one.
On the matter of stuff on the disk itself. Unless there's something heavy and spiky in the debris I really don't think some loose material will bother the disk much if it's been set to withstand the cannon pressure.
10" and 100psi will be 7854 pounds of force it's resisting in the other direction. Still, a cardboard cover to keep things from being directly on the burst disk wouldn't hurt.
*edit:
Could be in luck depending on your point of view.
Charlotte Pipe is US based and openly sells Sch80 flanges for up to 12" pipe.
A Van Stone flange* for 10" Sch80 pressure pipe weighs in with a list price of $387.33 and 6.5kg (the price and weight is for a pair).
Clickety.
*
A Van Stone flange just means the ring part of the flange can rotate about the rest of the fitting so the holes can be lined up more easily.